![]() ![]() At times, this involved the expropriation of Native American monuments as part of a process which sought to belittle Native American cultural and monumental achievements by claiming Viking ancestry for them-and at times, claimed that those responsible were just about anybody, so long as they were not Native Americans. The third factor was the urge to assert European prior claim to land, which predated the Columbus expedition of 1492, and furthermore, gave it a northern European character. ![]() For the most skeptical 21 st-century commentators, the Kensington Runestone is an example of this process at work in the Midwest in the second half of the 19 th century. By no means were all of these Scandinavian, but latter-day Norse played a major part in this process. Some pioneers sought validation of their ownership of the newly taken land through references to ancient saga claims. The second was the increasing presence of Scandinavian pioneers and settlers in the western expansion of the United States in the 19 th century.
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